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This volume is the first to focus specifically on esoteric interpretation as a phenomenon in the field of Qur鈥檃nic exegesis and to show the plurality of ways it has been manifested in different Muslim traditions. Concern with the inner, spiritual implications of the Qur鈥檃n has usually been associated with mystical and Sufi trends in Islam. However, there have also been exegetes among the Shi鈥榓, as well as among philosophers, who sought to supplement their understanding of the Qur鈥檃n鈥檚 apparent meaning by eliciting deeper significations through contemplation of the verses.

The Spirit and the Letter examines the multiplicity of these esoteric approaches, covering a period that extends from the third/ninth century to the present. It includes chapters on philosophical and Shi鈥榠 exegetes, such as Ibn S墨n腻 (d. 428/1037) and Mull腻 峁dr腻 (d. 1045/1636), in addition to studies of a range of Sufi perspectives, from al-Sulam墨 (d. 412/1021) and al-Qushayr墨 (d. 465/1072) to R奴zbih腻n Baql墨 (d. 606/1209), as well as representatives of the Ibn 士Arab墨 and Kubr腻w墨 schools. Considered together, the range of studies in this volume enable us to see what these approaches have in common and how they differ, and how the hermeneutics and content of exegesis are affected by doctrinal and ideological perspectives of various traditions and periods. Furthermore, they deepen our understanding of what actually constitutes esoteric interpretation and the need to look beyond the letter to the spirit of the Qur鈥檃nic word.